BPC-157 research summary: mechanism, healing pathways, and primary literature
Curated summary of BPC-157 primary literature: VEGFR2 angiogenesis, Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS pathway, FAK-paxillin in tendon fibroblasts, gastric mucosal protection. PubMed-verified.
- VEGFR2 activation and upregulation in endothelial cells is BPC-157's most-direct angiogenic mechanism, documented in HUVEC tube-formation assays.
- Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS signalling produces nitric-oxide-driven vasodilation, complementary to VEGFR2-driven new-vessel formation.
- FAK-paxillin phosphorylation drives migration and survival of rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts in vitro.
Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide research summary: SUSTAIN, STEP, SURPASS, SURMOUNT, SELECT
Curated head-to-head summary of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide clinical evidence: SUSTAIN-6, STEP-1, SURPASS-2, SURMOUNT-1, SELECT. PubMed-verified.
- SURPASS-2 head-to-head showed Tirzepatide produced larger HbA1c and weight reductions than semaglutide 1mg in patients with type-2 diabetes.
- STEP-1 demonstrated 14.9% mean weight loss with semaglutide 2.4 mg over 68 weeks in adults with overweight or obesity.
- SURMOUNT-1 demonstrated 20.9% mean weight loss with tirzepatide 15 mg over 72 weeks in obesity without diabetes.
MOTS-c research summary: mitochondrial-derived peptide, AMPK signalling, exercise interaction
Curated summary of MOTS-c primary literature: mitochondrial-derived peptide, AMPK activation, exercise-induced expression, metabolic homeostasis. PubMed-verified.
- MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome.
- Lee et al. (2015) established MOTS-c activates AMPK signalling, reduces obesity, and improves insulin resistance in murine models.
- Reynolds et al. (2021) showed MOTS-c expression is induced by exercise and counters age-dependent physical decline in mice.
Semax and Selank research summary: BDNF and NGF modulation, ACTH(4-10) analog evidence
Curated summary of Semax and Selank primary literature: BDNF and NGF gene expression, ACTH(4-10) analog mechanism, neuroprotection, anxiolytic effects. PubMed-verified.
- Semax is an ACTH(4-10) analog that upregulates BDNF and TrkB expression in the rat hippocampus.
- Dolotov et al. (2006) demonstrated direct BDNF transcript induction in rat hippocampus following intranasal Semax administration.
- Subsequent rat studies extended the BDNF/NGF expression evidence to frontal cortex and retina.
Tesamorelin research summary: GHRH analog, visceral fat, HIV-lipodystrophy clinical history
Curated summary of Tesamorelin primary literature: GHRH analog, visceral fat reduction in HIV-lipodystrophy, liver-fat outcomes, IGF-1 elevation. PubMed-verified.
- Tesamorelin is a stabilised GHRH(1-44) analog, FDA-approved in 2010 for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
- Falutz et al. (2007) established the primary visceral-fat outcome in a Phase 3 trial in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation.
- Stanley et al. (2014, JAMA) demonstrated tesamorelin reduces liver fat in HIV-infected patients with VAT accumulation.